Group Essays Develop 21st Century Skills

Teachers in any discipline should consider assigning a collaborative writing assignment, such as a group essay or paper. Here are three practical reasons to plan to use a collaborative writing assignment with students in grades 7-12.   Reason #1:  In preparing students to be college and career ready, it is important to provide exposure to a collaborative process.  The skill of collaboration and communication is one of the 21st Century Skills embedded in academic content standards.  Real world writing is often completed in the form of group writing—an undergraduate college group project, a report for a business, or a newsletter for a non-profit institution. Collaborative writing can result in more ideas or solutions for completing a task. Reason # 2: Collaborative writing results in fewer products for a teacher to assess. If there are 30 students in a class, and the teacher organizes collaborative writing groups of three students each, the end product will be 10 papers or projects to grade as opposed to 30 papers or projects to grade.   Reason #3: Research supports collaborative writing.  According to Vygostsky’s theory of ZPD (zone of proximal development),  when students work with others, there is an opportunity for all learners to work at a level slightly above their usual capacity, as co-operating with others who know a little more can boost achievement. The Collaborative Writing Process The most obvious difference between an individual writing assignment and a collaborative or group writing assignment is in the assigning of responsibilities:  who will write what? According to  P21s  Framework for 21st Century Learning, students engaging in collaborative writing are also  practicing  the  21st Century skills of  communicating clearly  if they are given the opportunity to: Articulate thoughts and ideas effectively using oral, written and nonverbal communication skills in a variety of forms and contextsListen effectively to decipher meaning, including knowledge, values, attitudes and intentionsUse communication for a range of purposes (e.g. to inform, instruct, motivate and persuade)Utilize multiple  media and technologies, and know how to judge their effectiveness a priori as well as assess their impactCommunicate effectively in diverse environments (including multi-lingual) The following outline will help teachers and then students address the logistics of running a collaborative assignment in which all members of the group have defined  responsibilities.  This outline can be adapted to be used in groups of various sizes (two to five writers) or to any content area. The Writing Process Any collaborative writing process must be taught to students and practiced several times a year with the goal for students to manage the group writing process themselves.   As in any writing assignment, individual or group, a teacher must clearly articulate the  purpose of the assignment  (to inform, to explain, to persuade...)  The purpose of writing will also mean identifying the target audience. Providing students a rubric for collaborative writing in advance will better help them understand the expectations for the task. Once purpose and audience have been established, then designing and implementing a collaborative writing paper or essay is not very different than following the five steps of the  writing process: PrewritingDraftingRevisionEditingPublishing Pre-writing process Students in the group review the  assignment and the requirements for the final product or paper;Students in the group  brainstorm and share ideas;Students in the group  formulate a draft or working thesis:This is a first attempt at developing a position or assertion;Because the  early stages of the writing process are where the groups writers are guided by questions they have (inquiry based learning), the working thesis is not the final thesis statement. Planning and Logistics Students in the group  decide together who will write which parts of the paper.  This will require that students collaborate, rather than merely cooperate. Here is the difference:When collaborating, students work together on a single shared goal;When cooperating, students perform together while working on selfish yet common goals.Students in the group  document the collaboration plan based on  the assignment requirements  (Ex: book review, pro/con persuasive paper) and agree upon the plan;Students in the group  determine a timeline that outlines deadlines for both individual and group responsibilities;Students in the group  determine when work can be done synchronously (in class/in person) or asynchronously (online). With the use of online writing platforms such as Google Docs, these group  determinations will help the group share updates and information more effectively. Management of Research Students in the group  draft how the assignment will be managed  (Ex: sections, chapters, paragraphs, appendices);Students in the group  determine how and where they will find trustworthy and timely source materials (books, articles, newspaper articles, videos, podcasts, websites, interviews or self-created surveys for research on topic);Students in the group  determine who will read and process the information;Pro/con evidence should be balanced;Evidence must be cited;Citations must be cataloged;Students in the group  analyze the evidence as to how well it supports position;Students in the group  determine the best way to include additional evidence (EX: pictures, graphs, tables, and charts.) Drafting and Writing Individual students keep in mind how the material and individual writing will fit into the paper or product.Students writing together synchronously  (in class/in person) or  asynchronously  (online):Writing as a group is  time-consuming; these opportunities should be left to making sure the document is organized to give the reader the impression of one cohesive voice.Student in the group should make sure that the paper or products content is clear and the writing communicates a single (or in the case of pro/con, a whole) message to the target audience before discussing stylistic changes. Revising, Editing, and Proofreading Students in the group review drafted parts of the document before merging into a single document;Students in the group  look for a logical flow of ideas. (Note:  Teaching students to use  transitions is critical to smoothing over individual drafts);Students in the group  revise content and structure of the paper;Students in the group  proofread paper and check for typos, spelling errors, punctuation problems, formatting issues, and grammatical mistakes. (Note: Reading the paper aloud  is an excellent strategy for editing). Additional Research on Collaborative Writing Regardless as to the size of the group or the content area classroom, students will manage their writing by following an organizational pattern. This finding is based on the  results of a  study  (1990) conducted by Lisa Ede and Andrea Lunsford that resulted in a book  Singular Texts /Plural Authors: Perspectives on Collaborative Writing,  According to their work, there are  seven noted organizational patterns for collaborative writing.  These seven patterns are: the team plans and outlines the task, then each writer prepares his/her part and the group compiles the individual parts, and revises the whole document as needed;the team plans and outlines the writing task, then one member prepares a draft, the team edits and revises the draft;one member of the team plans and writes a draft, the group revises the draft;one person plans and writes the draft, then one or more members revises the draft without consulting the original authors;the group plans and writes the draft, one or more members revise the draft without consulting the original authors;one person assigns the tasks, each member completes the individual task, one person compiles and revises the document;one dictates, another transcribes and edits. Tackling the Downsides to Collaborative Writing In order to  maximize the effectiveness of a collaborative writing assignment, all students in each group must be active participants. Therefore: Instructors need to monitor the progress of each group, provide feedback and assist when necessary.  Initially, this form of monitoring may be more time-consuming than traditional teaching formats, but a teacher can meet with groups more effectively over time than individual students. While the front-loading the collaborative writing assignment takes time, the number of final products is substantially reduced so the grading time is also reduced.A collaborative writing project must be designed in a way so that the final assessment is considered valid, fair and accurate. The final assessment must consider the knowledge and performance of all group members.  Grading complexities can make group assignments difficult for instructors. (See group grading article)Students may sometimes struggle with making decisions in a group setting.There can be  additional stress on students  because of multiple opinions and writing styles. These must be incorporated into one final product that pl eases everyone.   Conclusion Preparing students for real-world collaborative experiences is an important goal, and the collaborative writing process can better help teachers meet that goal. The research supports a collaborative approach. Even though the collaborative writing approach may require more time in the set-up and monitoring, the fewer number of papers for teachers to grade is an extra bonus.

7 Great Virtues - 2031 Words

Summer Peterson 12-13-06 Hour 3 7 Great Virtues - Ben Franklin - The first virtue Ben Franklin wanted was â€Å"An Aversion to Tyranny†. The main idea of this to Ben is that he doesn’t like tyranny, which is power or control of one person. He didn’t like to be told what to do to and he also liked some control and therefore, have a limited government. Ben didn’t want any dictatorship either, which meant no kings or queens. Franklin realized that he didn’t like the idea of tyranny when he was 12 years old. He became an apprentice at the print shop of his older brother, James, who tended to be a tougher boss. I think that Aversion to Tyranny definitely still exists in America today. We still do not have any dictatorship in today’s†¦show more content†¦The fifth virtue Ben Franklin put on the list of America’s virtues was â€Å"Idealism in Foreign Policy†. Franklin once wrote, â€Å"The influence of every power is measured by the opinion one has of its intrinsic force.† W hen he went to Paris as an envoy during the Revolution, Franklin proved himself a master of the diplomatic doctrine of realism by playing an adroit balance-of-power game between France, Spain, the Netherlands, and later on, Britain. The main idea of this virtue, as I see it, is that Franklin basically tried to portray each country’s position as desirable to him. In a way, this virtue still exists in America today. The only thing I can think of for this virtue in today’s world is Iraq. Even though it isn’t ideal to be at war with a country, we do our best to fight against them and eventually hopefully end the war and win it. The sixth virtue Ben Franklin wanted was â€Å"Compromise†. Franklin used the phrase, â€Å"Both sides must part with some of their demands,† many times. He used it the most when the Constitutional Convention was deciding on the issue of whether the new Congress should be proportioned by population or have equal votes for e ach state. For Franklin, who personally believed in proportional representation, compromise was not only a practical approach but also a moral one. He believed thatShow MoreRelatedAn Unethical Deprivation Of The Highest Good985 Words   |  4 Pageshave found that happiness is an â€Å"activity of the soul in accord with virtue,† namely the â€Å"best and most complete virtue† (I.7, p.9). Virtue is excellence of a function. Since the ability to reason sets human beings apart from all other living creatures on Earth, whatever constitutes happiness must relate to reasoning. It is clear to see that theoretical study is the fullest human happiness, being the best and most complete virtue (X.7, p.163). 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Defining virtue and choice with the â€Å"doctrine of the mean† will guide our choices and build up moralRead MoreSocrates as Philosopher King Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pages      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   History is ripe with stories of great men.   Hundreds of politicians, philosophers, performers, and writers have left a unique stamp on humanity.   But only a select few can be said to have changed history.   The legendary Athenian, Socrates, was one such figure.   Socrates ushered in an era of philosophical inquiry that still lingers to this day.   In Book Seven of Platos The Republic, Socrates outlines his perfect regime.   According to Socrates, an enlightened Philosopher-King mustRead MoreAristotle Of Aristotle : Nicomachean Ethics1487 Words   |  6 Pagesfind yourself at this very moment, there is one ultimately satisfying hope that brings us all together as human-kind, and that is to be happy; to be truly, blissfully happy. 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Reflective Learning Journal and Active Learning †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Reflective Learning Journal and Active Learning. Answer: Introduction: The primary purpose of the tutorial was to prepare students for active learning, internalization of information, interpretation, and application of data. The preparation stage of the learning process entailed the viewing of videos aimed at enhancing learners understanding and appreciation of the study content. The videos I viewed included SMS SOS by Garry Stevens and Tinder Tourism by Jenna Condie and Garth Lean. The SOS SMS video tackled the aspect of using SMS text messages to prevent self-harm. The scope of the required preparation entailed reading of the literary material, watching audiovisual content and practical work. One of the passages I selected is titled, Using Texts to Prevent Deliberate Self Harm and Suicide. The study is one of Western Sydneys SMS SOS project. I chose to focus on applications used for travel and tours because they are the new forms of applications in vogue. They assist travelers with real-time maps for easy trip. Various learning exercises were covered in the tutorial. Many of the activities entailed effective communication and an affinity for multimedia communication. The use of social media communication is essential in the modern era. The group came up with suggestions such as the need to connect tinder-touring applications with advanced forms of social media communication to reach out to more people(Thompson, 2017). I contributed to the group the idea of connecting social media platforms like Facebook to find their way. In addition to spending many hours in the alternative media platform, there are those who said that they had been practicing what they learned from alternative media. There is a tendency of the alternative media authors to sells products by appealing to the audience, this then has direct effect when the consumers of these messages do not sieve what they get and apply it as the gospel truth in their day-to-day life(Darrus, 2018). There are times however, the audience benefi t from practical lessons learned here; they might not always be accurate though. In a bid to try to accommodate different kinds of people, those who give their feedback on the message, there is a tendency to compromise standards. In Facebook people who claim to have the ability to bless people attracted much readership and comments(Hsiao, 2014). More people are found liking content that they do not even believe in since it is what is trending. Alternative media has far-reaching effects and unfortunately, the visible ones are the least. I now know the rate of people who commit suicide in the country is alarming. I learned that the social media applications like SMS could be used to prevent people from committing suicide. There are more effects that alternative media has than are visible to everyone(Joseph, 2017). The results are both negative and negative, but when care is not taken in a society, the adverse effects outweigh the positive ones. The youth on campus are mostly affected by the innovation of new technology; they are bound to not only taking in whatever they are given but also want to make discoveries for themselves. They, therefore, tend to take in most of what is developed technologically irrespective of the results(CBS News, 2015). The time that one spends there also needs some sense of responsibility. It is so unfortunate that people would find it so easy to compromise their hard-learned standard sand lessons through a virtual form of media. There tends to be some constructed realities and in the end, these affect the way people respond to issues(Valente, 2017). It has promoted postmodernism attitude where there is nothing like the absolute truth. They should be empowered to use alternative media for their socio-economic development. They should be encouraged to use these tools such as blogs to earn and not just to make a name for themselves. They should use it to keep themselves knowledgeable of what is around them. Journalism students should be empowered and given opportunity and funds to verify information(Longbottom, 2016). Awareness should be created to ensure that as they use alternative media, the youth have a specific goal. This will make them not to rely on only one source of information, as it is the case now. This has consequently led to the erosion of moral codes since they cannot be agreed as absolutely(Hsiao, 2014). I am surprised that even those who still have a sense of moral code still let those who have compromised go scot-free since this is the language used i n alternative media and not one on one conversation. It has become extremely hard to start and hold a conversation for long. This is because the minds of people are affected by what they are regularly using. The social media, for example, has stolen family time, sleeping time and even euphemism. References CBS News, 2015. SOS via SMS: Help for suicidal teens is a text message away. [Online] (webpage) Available at: www.cbsnews.com/news/sos-via-sms-help-for-suicidal-teens-is-a-text-message-away/ [Accessed 12 October 2015]. Darrus, N., 2018. Tinder Tourism. [Online] (Webpage) Available at: www.medium.com/@nick.darrus/tinder-tourism-21136bd69bb6 [Accessed 3 April 2018]. Hsiao, T., 2014. 36 Hours in Tinder. [Online] (Webpage) Available at: www.huffingtonpost.com/teresa-hsiao/36-hours-in-tinder_b_4990630.html [Accessed 3 April 2018]. Joseph, C.-L., 2017. The Friend who got away: Twenty womens true-life tales of friendships that blew up, burned out, or faded away. [Online] (webpage) Available at: www.huffingtonpost.co.za/candice-lee-joseph/tinder-and-sex-in-the-city_a_21885055/ [Accessed 3 April 2018]. Longbottom, J., 2016. Suicide rates for young Australians highest in 10 years, researchers call for new prevention strategies. [Online] (Website) Available at: www.abc.net.au/news/2016-11-30/system-for-suicide-prevention-rates-highest-10-years/8076780 [Accessed 3 April 2018]. Thompson, R., 2017. Confessions of a Tinder Tourist: The rules of right-swiping abroad. [Online] (webpage) Available at: www.mashable.com/2017/02/03/tinder-tourist-acceptable-worst/#UYFQV4nUKqq4 [Accessed 3 April 2018]. Valente, J., 2017. How You Can Prevent Teen Suicide With a Text Message. [Online] (webpage) Available at: www.kveller.com/how-you-can-prevent-suicide-with-a-text-message/ [Accessed 3 April 2018].

Analysis of Soft Drink Industry

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Soft Drink Industry. Answer: Introduction: Coca cola and PepsiCo are the major players of soft drink industry in South Africa. Coca cola dominates the market with a market capitalization of around 30 percent higher than PepsiCos (DAFF, 2014). Coca cola dominates the market by investing heavily into the advertising and campaigns to increase its social visibility (Statista, 2010). Coca colas share a coke campaign spurted the sales and market growth of the company in a diversified country like South Africa (CCRED, 2015). The company has connected with the consumer through its relationship marketing (CNB Africa, 2014). Further, there are small players who have also witnessed growth in their volume sales through their low price strategy. Further, the industry has also witnessed introduction of new flavors in the market with the increasing demand of the consumer. The soft drink companies have introduced innovative flavors to offer a wider range of products to the consumer to differentiate themselves. Other important players of the industry are red bull, mountain dew, pepsi, 7up, fanta, dr. pepper and vitamin water. Coke is the leader in terms of market share followed by red bull leads, mountain dew and pepsi. Porters National Diamond Model Porters Diamond Model provides a method to explain national competitive advantage of a country. Porter developed this model to analyze the international competitiveness of countries and evaluate how a country becomes successful in a specific industry (Porter, 2011). The model aims to evaluate the characteristics of the country in order to assess the firms achievements and success across the globe. The model suggests that the characteristics and attributes of the country affect the success and growth of the firm internationally. There are six elements of Porters National Diamond Model which assesses the national competitiveness which includes factor (input) conditions, demand conditions, government, related and supporting industries, chance and firm strategy, structure and rivalry (Porter, 2011). The home country which is taken for analysis affects the companys strategies and provides a direction to build its structure. Factor Conditions Factor conditions account for the availability of the resources within South Africa which includes human resources, physical infrastructure, administrative infrastructure, capital resources, information infrastructure, scientific and technological infrastructure and natural resources. Human Resources: Human resource contributes towards the cost of production of soft drinks in the manufacturing process. Therefore, the factors to be considered are cost, quality and availability of unskilled labor, cost, quality and availability of skilled labor, administration cost for management of skilled labors and merchandising cost. South Africa has abundance of unskilled labor but the production cost is constraining the competitiveness because of unavailability of quality skilled labor and high cost of labor in South Africa (The Economist, 2014). Physical infrastructure: South Africa lacks the quality and availability of proper physical infrastructure facilities which are required by the industry (Deloitte, 2013). Physical infrastructure is very essential for the set up of production process and operational process, thus, lack of a physical infrastructure would be a hindrance for the entrance of the company. Administrative infrastructure: The cost of administrative infrastructure is very high in South Africa which would adversely affect the company (Rooyen, Esterhuizen Stroebel, 2011). Administrative set up is again an importance parameter for the long term sustainability of the firm. Capital resources: Capital resources such as loans and finance are very essential to set up the company operations in a foreign market. South Africa lacks sufficient capital resources which would hinder the establishment of the company (Rooyen, Esterhuizen Stroebel, 2011). Information infrastructure: Information regarding the markets and suppliers are required to enter any new market so as to analyze the market favorable conditions and cost of production. The cost of information infrastructure is very high in South Africa (Rooyen, Esterhuizen Stroebel, 2011). Scientific and technological infrastructure: The cost of technology is very high and constrains the growth of soft drinks industry. The quality of the scientific infrastructure does not have a great impact on the industry but it is not easily available in the country (Rooyen, Esterhuizen Stroebel, 2011). Natural resources: The natural resources are present in South Africa, though not in abundant quantity, but support the production of the soft drinks (Rooyen, Esterhuizen Stroebel, 2011). Thus, the overall factor conditions do not provide a great support to the soft drink industry in South Africa. Demand Conditions The demand conditions indicate the need and requirement of the companys product or service in the country which include market demand and size, potential market and overall market growth and sophistication. Market size of South Africa does not support the industry and constraints the industry. The market growth would help to analyze the future perspective of the industry. The market growth has been estimated to grow at a CAGR of 3.8 percent during 2016-2021 which would support the company. The market information is easily available for South African market with low cost and great quality. The quality of products also supports the soft drink industry in the country with the increasing average income of the people in the country (Toit, 2006). Also, South Africa is one the most sophisticated market in the African continent which positively affects the industry. The demand conditions favor the company to enter the market of South Africa because of estimated market growth for the next few years and availability of the market information. Related and Supporting industries Related and supporting industries provide the existence to the industry through cost-effective processes, innovation and internationalization. Soft drinks industry requires suppliers and partners for packaging and bottling of the soft drinks. Financial institutions presence provides capital sources to the industry, which is present in the country. The presence of financial institutions supports the ongoing operations in the soft drinks industry. The research institutions support the development of new products as per the customer demand. The presence of research institutions in South Africa supports for research and development activity within the industry. South Africa also has abundance of transport companies to ensure proper logistics and transportation of the soft drinks and carry out the supply chain activities effectively. The other basic necessities such as electricity are also available in South Africa to support the day to day operations of the industry. The suppliers for soft drink industry are also present in the country to support the bottling and other related processes of manufacturing and production. Thus, related and supporting industries support the soft drink industry in South Africa. Context for firm strategy, structure and rivalry This factor assesses the parameters of company which includes their goals and objectives, management and structure, policies and regulations. The presence of competitive firms also affects the industry because it triggers product innovation for the sustainability of the firm. The soft drink industry has many players in South Africa such as Coca cola, pepsi, mountain dew, red bull, fanta and others. This creates tough competition within the industry which has led to the invention of innovative products such as flavored soft drinks. South Africas sound legal system and strong investor and property protection supports the existence of soft drinks industry in the country by providing them the land and infrastructure for the manufacturing and production of the soft drinks. Further, South Africa has a great connectivity with the international markets which is again a positive influence on the industry (South African Consulate General, 2017). Restriction on capital flow and strong labor union is also a positive influence on the strategy of the firm. Though, there is a threat of substitutes and new entrants because of emerging small players in the soft drink industry who have introduced flavor drinks to provide a substitute of the soft drinks. Thus, overall factors have a positive influence on the strategy, structure and rivalry of the companies in the country. Government Support The government support has a strong influence on the sustainability of the firms of soft drinks because a government can either promote or hinder the activities of the firms. The government decisions and policies affect the consumer demand of the country which affects the overall industrial growth. PESTEL analysis would clarify the impact of government on soft drink industry. South Africa is going through political crisis because of corruption allegations charged on the countrys President Jacob Zuma. Further, the Finance Minister has filed an affidavit regarding some suspicious transactions (Gaffey, 2016). These events have destabilized the country which affects the businesses very adversely. Further, the soft drink industry is affected by the countrys demography because consumption of soft drink is high for children and youngsters. South Africa has 30 percent younger population below the age of 15 which influences the soft drink business positively (Statistics South Africa, 2014). South Africa is facing an economic crisis with decreasing currency rates. The Reserve Bank is intentionally keeping the currency low which is affecting the environment for businesses. The economic scenario of the country is effecting the business decision of the companies such as expansion of the business has become a costly affair with a high exchange rate (The World Bank, 2017). Thus economic instability of the country adversely affects the business operations of the companies of soft drink industry. The decreasing currency of the country has an impact on the buying capacity of the people of South Africa. Further, increasing unemployment has also lowered the demand in the country. Though, the country has become more sophisticated with the social upliftment of society and people are moving towards living high standards of life. This is a positive factor for the soft drink industry, but there is also a tension of rising obesity and overweight in the country. Obesity and overweight leads to diseases such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The cause of these diseases has been found to be sugared drinks which lead to obesity and excess weight. Therefore, the socio-cultural factors give us a mixed opinion about the soft drink industry. The soft drinks contain added sugar and preservatives which affects the health of the consumers and leads to obesity and other health issues. The rising obesity in the country has forced the government to take some preventive action to reduce the consumption of carbonated drinks (Business Tech, 2015). The government has imposed sugar tax on the sugared products which adversely affects the soft drinks industry (Rensburg, 2016). Further, the government is also taking measures such as food advertising regulations and enhanced food labeling to reduce the consumption of soft drinks. Chance Chance is the risk factor for an industry which is beyond the control of the firm. This includes economic and political stability, aids, price stability and crimes. The economy of the South Africa has seen ups and downs in the recent years. The countrys political stability has a positive influence on the sustainability of the company. The country has a record of high crime rate which affects the overall growth of the company. Further, there is no aid and support in case of any war or conflict in the country. Thus, there is a great amount of risk involved for the soft drink industry in South Africa because of unstable economy and rising crimes. Foreign Direct Investment A company can enter a market through non-equity mode or equity mode. Non-equity mode is through licensing, exporting and contracting. Equity mode is also called foreign direct investment (FDI) method which involves merging and acquisition with the established businesses in the market (Dunning Gugler, 2008). The company makes investment by acquiring the assets of the company to establish its control or substantial influence over the business. As per the guidelines of the OECD acquiring a minimum of 10 percent ownership stake is required by the company (Dunning Gugler, 2008. Joint venture and wholly owned subsidiary are the two different methods for a company for foreign direct investment. Joint venture is the collaboration of two business parties by pooling their resources to pursue a common objective. JV formation is the common strategy used by the companies to enter a foreign established market to expand their business operations internationally. Joint venture gives access to the existing sales and distribution network of the country (Prescott Swartz, 2010). SoftBev is a local soft drink of South Africa and has established a strong hold over the market through market penetration. The companys capital is approximately R650m after merging with a local player (Drink Stuff, 2014). The company has its own production plant in South Africa and is manufactured and packaged locally. Further, it provides quality products and services to its customers (Softbev, 2016). The company could form a joint venture by partnering with the local manufacturer Softbev brand to establish its strong hold over the market. The company would benefit by partnering with the local company in terms of accessibility of market. The company would gain an access to the domestic market from the distribution network of the SoftBev. The company would be able to establish a trust factor among the consumers by partnering with a local firm because SoftBev has already established its own trust in the market. Further, the company would also gain access to the domestic suppliers which would assist the company to set up its own production operations in the country to maintain its sustainability. The company could gradually start its own production house once it has gained access to the market suppliers and distributors. Thus, the company would benefit from the partnership with the domestic firm. Green field investment is another mode of foreign direct investment through which a company builds up its entire operations from the ground in the foreign company. The company has the complete control over the business from plant construction to employee policy and regulations the specifications are laid out by the company (Shenkar, Luo, Chi, 2014). Acquisition is another FDI strategy in which company acquires certain shares of the company to establish substantial control over the company (Bruner, 2016). Advantages of Foreign Direct Investment It is better to understand the advantages of FDI for the company and the country before taking any step to make a major investment. The benefits of FDI are enjoyed after a long period by capturing the new market and accessing cheaper production facilities. The company and country both enjoy the benefits mutually wherein the country benefits from the transfer of technology and expertise from an advanced country. Joint venture formation with SoftBev would give access to the local market resources of South Africa (Brand South Africa, 2011). The company would gain through market penetration and establish its own market. Further, through a joint venture with SoftBev, the company would enjoy the existing distribution network of SoftBev in South Africa. The companies forming a JV would complement each other by offsetting each others weaknesses and forming a stronger company by maintaining their individual identities (Trost, 2013). The Green field investment strategy would help the company to reduce its transportation cost by setting up its own production plant in South Africa (CFO Africa, 2016). The tariff barriers would also be eliminated from the cost of product which would increase the firms profitability (Lee Rugman, 2012). Through mergers and acquisition with SoftBev, the company would get an opportunity to gather the information on the domestic markets of South Africa. The company would now be able to develop strategies to tap the local market by gaining better insight of the existing market (Finkelstein, 2010). Disadvantages of FDI It becomes difficult for a firm to roll back its process and projects after deploying Green field investment in the country and can also be financially devastating. Green field investment also demands huge amount of money and time for the research and development process to evaluate the feasibility of entering the foreign market (Shenkar, Luo, Chi, 2014). Acquisition process requires borrowing of money which increases the company debts. Culture clash is another disadvantage of acquiring a company (Finkelstein, 2010). Formation of a joint venture is time consuming because it takes time to build a relationship with another business entity such. The goals and objectives in a JV are also not clearly communicated which affects the productivity of work (Trost, 2013). JV formation with SoftBev would disturb the balancing the level of expertise within the company by partnering with another business unit. Integrating two different business units is a challenging job because of different management and leadership styles incorporated within the company (Trost, 2013). A successful joint venture would require deep research and analysis of the goals and objectives of the company. Recommendations After, thoroughly analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of FDI, following can be concluded: Green field investment would require huge amount of money and time for research and development to evaluate the feasibility. Further, setting up operations in a foreign country from the ground level becomes very challenging. Acquisition would also not be a wise choice because it would increase the liability of the company and checking the financial security and credibility of a firm would again waste huge amount of time. The company needs a strategy which does not require investment of money, manpower and time and also has an exit strategy to refrain from future risks. Though Joint Venture also has some disadvantages but is the most preferred option for the company to expand its business internationally. The company could go for a joint venture with one of the local firm which has been analyzed as SoftBev. SoftBev is one of the largest firms of South Africa and has a huge consumer base. Joint venture formation with SoftBev would give access to the local market resources of South Africa (Brand South Africa, 2011). The company would gain through market penetration and establish its own market. Further, through a joint venture with SoftBev, the company would enjoy the existing distribution network of SoftBev in South Africa. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that the company chooses Joint Venture with the local firm of South Africa which has been identified as SoftBev. Contemporary Management Issues After a thorough analysis of the soft drink industry in South Africa, there are two contemporary management issues which have been derived. Unfavorable factor conditions: Factor conditions would support the growth of the company by providing human resources, infrastructure, technology, information and natural resources. South Africa has abundance of unskilled labor, but does not have sufficient skilled labor, which is essential for production process. Further, the cost of administrative labor is too high. Unavailability of the human resources would increase the overall cost of production. South Africa also lacks physical infrastructure facilities which would not support the establishment of production and operational processes in the country. The high cost of administration, information and technology would hinder the development of the company in the country. The unfavorable factor conditions would not support the establishment of the companys production and operational processes. If the company plans to set up its operations in the country then the high cost of production and administration would hinder the overall growth of the company. Foreign Direct Investment: A Costly Affair FDI may seem to be a lucrative choice for the company but there are many risks involved in foreign direct investment. First of all, selection of a FDI methodology is a costly affair because it would involve research and analysis of all the methodologies. Once the methodology has been selected, then selecting the appropriate local partner would be very challenging. The company needs to choose the right partner who has the required resources that would complement the companys resources. The resources for a soft drink industry are distribution network and market accessibility, production facilities and manpower (Yan Luo, 2016). The next thing that company needs to access is the performance of JV partner and their perception about collaboration. Further, the company needs to check the financial security of the partner to analyze the credit issues of the JV partner. The management practices also need to be reviewed by the company. Reviewing the production and marketing performance would help to analyze the market credibility of the joint venture partner (Yan Luo, 2016). The company also needs to consider an exit strategy in order to protect company once the mission is achieved. The terms and conditions need to be considered by each firm to avoid any misunderstanding in the future. Greenfield investment would again be a costly affair because setting up operations in a new country requires research and analysis to create suppliers and distributing partners. References Brand South Africa. (2011). South Africa has investment advantage. Brand South Africa: Official Custodian of South Africas Nation Brand. Retrieved from: https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/investments-immigration/business/investing/sainnvestment-030611 Bruner, R.F. (2016). Applied Mergers and Acquisitions. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Business Tech. (2015). Soft drinks and juices lead the way to obesity in SA. Business Tech. Retrieved from: https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/107483/soft-drinks-and-juices-lead-the-way-to-obesity-in-sa/ Business Tech. (2015). South Africas sugary drinks shock. Business Tech. Retrieved from: https://businesstech.co.za/news/business/102895/south-africa-is-one-of-the-unhealthiest-countries-in-the-world/ CCRED. (2015). Reflection on the Coca-Cola Bottling Merger. Centre for Competition Regulation and Economic Development. Retrieved from: https://www.competition.org.za/review/2015/11/20/reflection-on-the-coca-cola-bottling-merger CFO Africa. (2016). What are the advantages of investing in South Africa?. CFO Africa. Retrieved from: https://www.cfoafrica.net/advantages-of-investing-in-south-africa.html CNB Africa. (2014). Brand marketing starts with consumer. CNB Africa. Retrieved from: https://www.cnbcafrica.com/news/southern-africa/2014/01/06/brand-marketing-starts-with-consumer/ DAFF. (2014). Quarterly Economic Review of the Food and Beverages industry in South Africa. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Vol 1(3). Retrieved from: https://www.nda.agric.za/doaDev/sideMenu/AgroProcessingSupport/docs/Quarterly%20review%20food%20beverages_Jul-Sep2014.pdf Deloitte. (2013). Enhancing Manufacturing competitiveness in South Africa. Deloitte. Retrieved from: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/dk/Documents/manufacturing/manufacturing-competitiveness-South-africa.pdf Drink Stuff. (2014). SoftBev set to be SA's No 1 locally-owned soft drink company.Drink Stuff: South Africa. Retrieved from: https://www.drinkstuff-sa.co.za/sa-drinks-stuff/550-softbev-set-to-be-sa-s-no-1-locally-owned-soft-drink-company Dunning, J.H., Gugler, P. (2008). Foreign Direct Investment, Location and Competitiveness. London: Elsevier. Finkelstein, S. (2010). Advances in Mergers and Acquisitions, Volume 9. UK: Emerald Group Publishing. Gaffey, C. (2016). Two major, interconnected issues have plunged South African politics into crisis. Newsweek. Retrieved from: https://europe.newsweek.com/south-africas-political-crisis-key-players-510715?rm=eu Lee, H., Rugman, A.M. (2012). Firm-specific advantages, inward FDI origins, and performance of multinational enterprises. Journal of International Management. Vol 18(2). Retrieved from: https://www.henley.ac.uk/web/FILES/international-business-and-strategy/2012_-_JIM_-_FSAs_inward_FDI_origins_and_performance_of_MNEs_Paper.pdf Porter, M.E. (2011). Competitive Advantage of Nations:Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York: Simon and Schuster. Prescott, D., Swartz, S. (2010). Joint Ventures in the International Arena. Chicago: American Bar Association. Rensburg, D.V. (2016). Gearing up for the soda wars. City Press. Retrieved from: https://city-press.news24.com/Business/gearing-up-for-the-soda-wars-20160722 Rooyen, J.V., Esterhuizen, D., Stroebel, L. (2011). Analyzing the Competitive Performance of the South African Wine Industry. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review. Vol 14 (4). Shenkar, O., Luo, Y., Chi, T. (2014). International Business. New York: Routledge. Sherman, A.J. (2011). Mergers Acquisitions from A to Z. US: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn Smit, A.J. (2010). The competitive advantage of nations: is Porters Diamond Framework a new theory that explains the international competitiveness of countries?. Southern African Business Review. Vol 14 (1). Retrieved from: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sabr/article/view/76358/66817 SoftBev. (2016). About Us. SoftBev. Retrieved from: https://softbev.com/about South African Consulate General. (2017). Why Invest in South Africa?. South African Consulate General. Retrieved from: https://www.southafricanewyork.net/consulate/why%20invest%20in%20south%20africa.html Statista. (2010). Market share of soft drink companies in South Africa in 2010, based on sales value. Statista. Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/216906/market-share-of-soft-drink-companies-in-south-africa/ Statistics South Africa. (2014). Mid-year population estimates. Statistics South Africa. Retrieved from: https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022014.pdf The Economist. (2014). An awakening giant. The Economist. Retrieved from: https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21595949-if-africas-economies-are-take-africans-will-have-start-making-lot The World Bank. (2017). South Africa. The World Bank. Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa Toit, A.S.A. (2006). Competitive intelligence in the knowledge economy: what is in it for South African manufacturing enterprises?. International Journal of Information Management. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Adeline_Du_Toit/publication/222747103_Competitive_intelligence_in_the_knowledge_economy_What_is_in_it_for_South_African_manufacturing_enterprises/links/00b7d52d397e94b227000000.pdf Trost, T. (2013). Joint Ventures:The Benefits and Perils - Why Some Are Successful and Others Fail. Germany: GRIN Verlag. Yan, A., Luo, Y. (2016). International Joint Ventures: Theory and Practice:Theory and Practice. New York: Routledge.

Nucleic Acids and the Genetic Material Problem Set free essay sample

Frederick Griffith was using streptococcus pneumonia which is known as pneumococcus. Pneumococcus is a bacterium that can cause pneumonia. Griffith used two strains of the bacterium which is the S strain.S strain produces smooth, shiny colonies and is virulent. Virulent means highly infectious. On the other hand, the R strain which produces rough colonies and is harmless. Strain S has a polysaccharide coat which is a capsule that surrounds each cell. The R strain is genetically identical except that it carries a mutation that prevents it from making the polysaccharide coat. So the mutation in a gene affects the ability of the bacterium to make the coat. This causes the change in the virulence state of the bacterium.There are several types of S strains.Each of it comes with a significant chemical mixture of the polysaccharide coat. Griffith worked with IIS and IIS strains, which have type II and type III coats. We will write a custom essay sample on Nucleic Acids and the Genetic Material Problem Set or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The S type cells mutate into R- type cells , and the R- type cells mutate into S- type cells. The mutations are highly specific. This means that if a IIS cell mutates into an R cell , then that R cell can mutate back only into a IIS cell , not a IIIS cell.This shows that this transformation are very distinct.Griffith did experiments with mice where they are injected with different strains of the bacterium .He carefully observed the effects different strains of the bacterium on the mice. When mice were injected with IIR bacteria. R bacteria is the bacteria-derived by mutation from IIS bacteria.This is when the mice lived. When mice were injected with living IIIS bacteria, the mice died, and living IIIS bacteria could be isolated from their blood. However , if the IIIS bacteria were killed by heat before injection, the mice lived. These experiments showed that the bacteria had both to be alive and to have the polysaccharide coat to be virulent and kill the mice.In his experiment, Griffith injected mice with a mixture of living IIR bacteria and heat killed the IIIS bacteria. The mice died, and living IIIS bacteria were present in the blood. T these bacteria could not have a function by mutation of the R bacteria, because mutation would have produced IIS bacteria. After many careful experiments, Griffith concluded that hereditary material had passed from the dead bacteria to live bacteria. This changed harmless strain R bacteria into virulent strain S pathogens. He called the process involved as transformation and the hereditary material, the transforming agent.Bacteria(S.pneumoniae) injected into mice Reaction to miceLive strain R (no capsule) SurvivedLive strain S(capsule) DiedDead strain S SurvivedLive strain R+dead strain S Died

Assess the Impact of the Conservative government, 1979-97, u essays

Assess the Impact of the Conservative government, 1979-97, u essays The relationship between law and employment has been a major issue within British law through both the 19th century and the 20th century. The main focus being on how much the government should intervene in both the running and control of British industrial relations. Issues such as the political party which is in government at the time and the level of unemployment have a considerable influence on the amount of intervention the government makes. The aim of the government is to ensure that the power balance between the trade unions and employers is kept at a specific level in accordance with the times. During the 19th century and most of the 20th century a system which concerns the relationship between law and employment a major factor in the development of trade unions and collective bargaining shaped legislation surrounding industrial relations. Trade unions and employers played a relatively equal role in determining the contracts of employment of the workforce. There was no definite legal background within the system; this was so much so that it was thought at the time that unions gave more cover to employees than what the law offered. However, this free-market approach came to an end in the post 1945 period at a time of tight labour markets and excessive trade union power. The government intervened to disrupt a 'stop-go' cycle which was caused by strikes, inflationary wage settlements and repression upon productivity improvements. The government's objectives were to encourage productivity progress and contain wages and prices. At this time the government required more control in the long-term and, therefore, set about in, firstly, centralising the authority of trade unions, secondly, devolving trade union control of officials and, thirdly, attempt to put collective bargaining on a lower level. By 1971-74, the then Labour government attempted to put employment law on a completely different level by shaping the legal ...

Tips for Writing Academic Process Analysis Essays Essay

Tips for Writing Academic Process Analysis Essays - Essay Example The below example of an essay in the field of human resource management illustrates the most important elements and stages of  the essay writing process.Human resource management is a very broad field of study: it is necessary to identify a specific aspect or element within this discipline to avoid confusion. For example, an essay can be written to demonstrate an increasing prevalence of human-centered approach in modern management practices. In order to fulfill this task, the writer is supposed to perform a solid review of relevant literature in order to understand the management practices of the past and present and draw a comparison between them. The key problem here is making decisions concerning what information out of the available mass must be included and what left out. However, the literature surveyed within the framework of this study must not necessarily deal with only one specific HRM aspect: the most essential criterion is the ability of publication to show the core te ndencies in management practices during the certain period. Only credible sources such as classic texts and peer-reviewed scholarly articles are taken into consideration during the review.The fastest and most convenient way to locate the materials required for such study is via online libraries. Since an abundant amount of credible studies have been identified during the search, the only inclusion criteria that have been applied in the selection of sources are English language and thematic relevance mentioned above. Other criteria such as methodological soundness or date of publication have not been considered.  

Alternative perspectives of international political economy 1 Essay

Alternative perspectives of international political economy 1 - Essay Example The ultimate generalization that exists within the rational choice model is that the individual or collective will make a choice based upon that which maximizes their overall best interests. However, the authors point to the fact that the rational choice model presents a noted difficulty in the fact that it raises the question of who and what defines the â€Å"public†. Whether or not there is indeed a concerted voice, even within a democratic system is an issue that directly concerns the means through which the rational choice model can be applicable to IPE. The authors reference the case in point of corrupt elected officials acting â€Å"rationally† by accepting bribes and payouts; however, even though this is true with some, the rational choice model inherently breaks down over such mores and norms of character that are exhibited by others who refuse such bribes and payouts. Ultimately what is rational choice for one is not for another; thereby calling into question t he degree and extent to which this can or should be used to define IPE. Constructivism Constructivist theory is introduced as a â€Å"deconstruction† of existing factors. ... ssumptions of constructivist theory, with respect to IPE, can be summarized in the following: 1) ideas, beliefs, values, and identities of individuals and groups are the key to understanding IPE 2) ideas, values, beliefs, and identities are socially constructed 3) ideas, values, etc., are social forces that are more important than military or economic factors 4) conflict and cooperation are products of values and beliefs 5) change can be explained by examining changes in the values and beliefs of individuals and other actors over time. Feminist Critique Within the feminist critique, the authors argue for the fact that IPE is predicated upon the norms, mores of gender roles, stereotypes, patriarchy etc. Moreover, overlooked aspects of IPE are due to the fact that the pervasive sexism has sidelined women over the decades. As such, a focus upon gender, loaded language, subtexts, male dominance of not only society but economic studies especially economics is oftentimes engaged. This is a broad based dynamic that is not succinct and can easily be transitioned to apply in a great litany of different situations. Ultimately, the dynamic through which the decisions of IPE have taken place since the dawn of time have in fact been dominated by men and by a patriarchal sense of sexism. As such, it is perhaps this one approach, of all the others that have been engaged, that has the most to offer with regards to approaching seemingly old issues from a fresh perspective and gaining new insight into them. Hegemonic stability theory Hegemonic stability theory can roughly be defined as the understanding that a given power, invariably rich and powerful, dominates other states for a length of time; instituting norms, expectations, and ultimately collapsing under its own weight. Such a

Paramedics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Paramedics - Essay Example Paramedics will always interact with students who come to learn and gain field experience. Interaction between a qualified paramedic and a paramedical student can result into fruitful learning session in both theoretical and practical skills (Taghavi et al. 2012). There are various ways in which students interact with paramedics and any encounter presents a chance for learning. Due to the nature of work, paramedics are always in constant oscillation between health facilities and places of emergency. This implies that learners have to follow the paramedics’ team to interact with them in either of the places. While in the emergency areas, paramedics are more involved in saving live, reducing the number of casualties and stabilizing those who are severely ill or injured. Interaction here is by active participation of students, with the guidance of qualified paramedics. Procedures and lifesaving skills are taught by experience and observation. On the other hand, paramedics located in health institutions interact with learners variously; those performing certain procedures engage students either through observation, asking of question related to the procedure at hand or carry out demonstrations for learners (Halpern et al. 2012). While the patient is transferred to another facility for further management, continuous medical care is provided, a learner who is with the paramedic has a chance to observe the whole process of care and ask relevant question. Also he or she actively participates in providing care under supervision.

Control Theory And Gang Related Crime Criminology Essay

Control Theory And Gang Related Crime Criminology Essay Discuss how control theory and classicism theory adequately explains gang related crime This essay will help us understand the reasons behind gang related crime. To discuss the causes of gang related crime we will look at two criminology theories. Classicism and control theory will be used to understand and to demonstrate a discussion on the matter. We will look at each of the theories separately and then apply them to gang related crime. Classicism or classical school has been around for quite considerable time. A group of philosophers of the 18th century argued that human problems have to be tackled in a reasonable and more traditional way(Coleman, Norris. 2000. p.17).There was a feeling that criminal justice system of the 18th century was too inhumane, ineffective and judges had too much discretion and punishment was too barbaric(Coleman, Norris. 2000. p.18). That is the reason why classicism argues: too much policing or punishment could change law abiding citizens(Jacobs. 2009. p.97). We would think that harsher punishment would change the amount of crime, however classicism stands a strong case that more policing and tougher sentences would not help the cause(Jacobs. 2009. p.97). From everything what we have looked so far we can say. Classicism is so concerned with the tough sentencing then surely it would propose us how tackle the crime. Classicism will assume that human beings make rational choices (Jacobs. 200 9. p.97) and therefore this is the reason why they commit crime. For some people pleasure and gain that they get from crime is a lot larger than the pain of punishment(Coleman, Norris. 2000. p.18). Some people get so distressed and so obsessed with what they think is injustice towards a particular group of people or race that they are ready for the most extreme measures. As an example of these measures we could give you London 7/7. One of the bombers behind the attack only did this as he was willing to revenge England for how the police treated his own kind(Jacobs. 2009. p.98). One of the main interests of classicism is the immediate circumstances that surrounds the offence(Jacobs. 2009. p.98). Therefore classicism thinks that all of us are potential criminals(Jacobs. 2009. p.98). Accordingly to classicism criminology have to press one main question: whether the law is being too rigorously or softly enforced(Jacobs. 2009. p.98). Here, on one hand, we have classicism that argues that too much policing and tough sentences are not the answer, yet, on the other hand, classicism is concerned that the law is softly enforced. Classicism as such is quite an extreme reference point in human behaviour study. Classicism is orientated on the immediate circumstances that have triggered a crime(Jacobs. 2009. p.99). This gives us some guidance as to what will be the main things that classicism would be interested in and concentrating more than anything else. In classicism we would have to consider why an opportunities arise for people to commit crime. Why this is somethin g that is happening in certain areas and mainly to certain types of people and certain times of day(Jacobs. 2009. p.99). Some of the scientists have concerns that repressive and unjust laws could turn people into criminals. Another belief of classicism is that human beings are mainly guided by free will and hedonism and therefore these two factors are the ones that drive the crime(OConnor. 2006). As we saw earlier classicism is concerned about tough punishment and that is the reason why each and every offence has to have equal treatment under the law(OConnor. 2006). Look at this controversial thought in our mind, but completely normal under classicism: bad people are nothing more than the result of bad laws (OConnor. 2006). Next thing that we have to look at is control theory. Control theory is concerned on the measures that would stop people to commit and engage in crime and criminal activities(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). Control theory argues that crime exists and is happening where there are opportunities to commit crime and where is a complete lack of socio-central(family)( Jacobs. 2009. p.163). Therefore there will be no crime or as little as none where proper solutions are in place, such as effective controls and lack of opportunities(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). Durkheim had a theory that social world is maintained by integration and regulation(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). Control theory has emerged from the findings on family and social bonds under the Chicago School. Family and local community started to loose their grips on family members and community in general(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). Over the years many criminologists have created their own ways of control theory with the key issues that they thought were necessary. Instead of concentrating on why people commit crime, Reiss was more concerned on how to develop an instrument to predict which factors are to blamed behind crime(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). As a result Reiss saw delinquent group of people not as a disorganized but rather a functional consequence of the failure. Failure of personal and social controls. Therefore the key issues from Reiss point of view is that the family, society and neighbourhood were the main sources of the failure (Jacobs. 2009. p.163). All of the above were in the positions which would influence the present and future of the child(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). What do we get out of this: intervention with the child at the early years of his life could play an essential and a key part to success(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). However one wrong decision could influence the way this child is going to live the rest of his life. On the other hand Nye(1958) took completely different approach in his studies of control theory. He was looking for an explanations as to why crime is not more common(Jacobs. 2009. p.164). In his studies Nye concluded that the most important REAGENT of the social control was the individuals family(Jacobs. 2009. p.164). Nye came up with four types of control: direct, indirect, internalized control and alternative satisfaction. The key one in his mind was the family, school and police. They control people using direct restraints accompanied by punishment. However other types of control theory would reinforce each other depending on the context of the individual(Jacobs. 2009. p.164). Another one who had his opinion was Reckless(1967) who saw family as the main source of influence of a small child. Reckless realized that urban lifestyle contained many temptations to commit crime. Reckless came up with a suggestion that each individual has to break through numerous barriers to commit crime. These barriers were inner and outer containment where inner was a self control and outer was social control(Jacobs. 2009. p.164). Reckless main concern was concentrating on the self control or so as called inner containment. He suggested that we can control ourselves regardless of what happens around us(Jacobs. 2009. p.1634). Regarding the inner circle containment Reckless came up with four key factors: self concept, goal orientation and two later ones frustration tolerance and norm retention. Reckless has discovered that norm erosion is more bigger problem than norm retention. Sykes and Matza(1957) argues that it takes only a split second to commit a crime. Therefore for the people who were involved in criminal activities and delinquency it only took a small part of their life(Jacobs. 2009. p.165). What were they involved in between committing crimes? Could it be a small and temporary drift away from crime? In the eyes of Sykes and Matza many offenders still had bonds with social order. Sykes and Matza tries to explain this sort of behaviour and as a part of explanation they believed that we would learn conventional behaviour rules by learning the excuses or techniques of neutralization( Jacobs. 2009. p.165). In a simple terms we try to explain our dealings and ignore an obvious. We deny our behaviour and even victims. Hirschi(1969) on the other hand believed that social bonding hold the key to law abiding and delinquent behaviour(Jacobs. 2009. p.165). Social bonds had to be strong and effective or otherwise people would turn themselves to delinquency. The key factor for this drive would be rewards that can be gained. Hirschi categorized the social bonds as: attachment, commitment, involvement and belief. Attachment is quite an important social part of a person. A delinquent person will never have the same social bonds with his friends, teachers, relatives as a person who is out of the crime world. Concern for what people think about us is the driver or controller of our actions. Commitment is another example of a perfect people behaviour. It takes one small stupid act to ruin your life and everything that you have built in your life. So this is something that you are daring to loose. Therefore crime is not going to be an option for you. Involvement and belief could be combined as one. You believe in yourself and you are committed to the rules of society. Because of this you will be involved in as many activities as possible so that you can be busy and have no time for crime. Having looked at criminology theories let us look at the actual gangs. Some say that gangs are created spontaneously. However they become integrated in society by conflict(Greene, 2007. p.1375). Gangs differ in the members they all have. The type of activities they do. What type relationships do these gangs have with local community(Conly. 1993. p.20). Gangs can be defined as: group of people involved in the significant amount of antisocial activity(Conly. 1993. p.7). Reading all the above, we see that family has a massive role in childrens family. One of the key points in control theory is family. Control from the family has to have the biggest impact on the way the child looks at the world. Society and neighbourhood comes after. In the society we are living in many families have only single parent. In 2006 24% of children lived in single parent family(Self, Zealey,. 2007. p.15). Young people from different backgrounds have one thing in common. They all need families. Due to a lack of control many young people turn to gangs when their families have failed. A video on BBC website regarding gangs clearly emphasises this problem(Gangs, knives and crime. 2008). As a youngster you want to have a role model. In the family this could be your father. However in gangs, this can be an older gang member. Gangs replace a family for young kids. Looking at gangs and classicism we are unable to draw a common things. Classicism stated that any person could be a criminal. Therefore being in a gang would not make you different. However gang as such could be crime driven. In that case, all of its members could do criminal activities. In conclusion, we know what is the key issues in classicism and control theory. Classicism concentrates on the immediate reasons on why crime has happened. As much as to why these opportunities arise for people to commit crime. Control theory makes us understand which time in the childs life is the most important. At what stage we can get the biggest influence. In control theory main figure is family and the way family can control the youngster. As of gang related crime we understand the reasons why young people have to join gangs. This is due to the lack of control from family. When youngsters commit crime the pleasure they get is more than pain if they are caught. From classicism point of view: they have nothing to lose, because they havent earned anything yet. Family values and your own achievement would hold you back from crime. Therefore we can clearly say: both of these theories combined gives us an easy understanding of gang related crime.

1960s Counter Culture and its Saga Essay -- Sixties Culture USA Histo

1960's Counter Culture and its Saga After the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, America's hope for Camelot fades and life began to look a little more complicated. Congress deemed President Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society" implausible as Johnson backed the country into a war that was not ours. Then, while many Americans began to realize that the War in Vietnam could not be won, there was major public outcry about ending our involvement in a war for the first time in the country's history. The liberals in the country failed to reach the working class, and President Richard Nixon, a conservative, ascended to the Office as a champion of the "silent majority." While the government was slogging our country through devastating affairs, the culture of the times was reinventing itself. Due to various movements, such as the Civil Rights Movement in the South, the Feminist Movement, and the Anti-Vietnam War Movement, Americans, especially energetic young citizens, began to learn that there was ground to be gained f rom being pro-active. Out of this feeling of possibility and need of young adults to be recognized by the government came the 1960s counter culture. Too many factors figure into society to pinpoint one as the reason for the counter cultural revolution. Still, one of the major factors that contributed to the counter culture was the folk, rock, and "acid" music of the 1960s. The music also serves as a way to illustrate and explain the 1960's counter cultural phenomenon. Each variation of the music genre contributed to the way that Americans felt about themselves, their government and their society. As "mindless drivel," according to noted historian John McMillian, bombarded the airwaves and rose to number... ...al rebellion. Instead, they took the movement out of the counter culture and made the struggle about telling the government to basically leave them alone. If they wanted to do drugs, the government should let them since it is their own bodies. If Jim Morrison wanted to masturbate onstage, he is affecting nothing besides his body, counter culturalists would argue. Therefore, in contrast to descriptions of the counter culture as a movement, it was really an outpouring of emotions of a group of people who wanted to either have their rights recognized or left alone. The counter culture decided that if the government cared little enough about them to send their peers into the Vietnam War, they should not have a say in how each person treats their mind and body. Musicians of the time helped clarify their message and reflected the message in their lyrics and actions.

Narrative of Frederick Douglass

The Autobiography of Frederick Douglass, titled â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†, utilizes five key literary devices in order to better convey Douglass's journey from enslavement to freedom. This includes the use of Imagery, diction, first person point of view, specific details, and allusion. Each of these is used to help convey the experiences of slavery, as well as the joys and fears of being a freed slave. The use of Imagery throughout the narrative engrosses the reader and provides him with a better sense of the ideas and experiences of Douglass.An example of these is when Douglass looked out onto the Chesapeake bay, at which point he saw several ships with white sails. These struck him profoundly, acting as a beacon of light in the midst of his dark circumstances. These white sails seemed to be an idea of hope and freedom, the thought that one day he too could be like the ships, with nothing but the wind to guide him. Another example of Imagery is when D ouglass first receives Sandy's â€Å"Magical† root.This was supposed to protect Douglass from further beatings by his slave masters, an idea that he easily discarded. In doing this, Douglass shows his difference from the other uneducated slaves, with the root making a distinction between how the educated and uneducated believe things occur. Still, Douglass did keep the root as a sort of last resort, an action that seems to show just how desperate Douglass was to ward off his abuse. The use of Diction throughout the story helps the reader to get a better sense of the mindset of Douglass.One example of this is when Douglass was sent to work with Mr. William Gardner. Here, he described his change in ownership as being â€Å"Hired† out, almost as if he were an employee of his master, instead of being lent or borrowed. Douglass didn't see this as abnormal, someone telling him who to work for without any regard for his own preference. Another example of word choice is when h e describes is mistress as being a â€Å"Kind and Tender-hearted woman†, a description that leads the reader to imagine almost a mother, someone who cared for others.He could have simply called her a â€Å"just† or â€Å"fair† woman, but instead he described her as motherly. Finally, when Douglass was describing his life constantly moving from owner to owner, he spoke on the fact that he truly did not have a home. In Douglass's case, â€Å"The ties that ordinarily bind their children to their homes were all suspended. † He truly did not have a place to call home, but this was almost a sort of freedom for him. He described the sense of home as â€Å"binding†, instead of â€Å"welcoming†.In doing so, he truly shows that he did not understand the idea of belonging to a home or group, but instead being a nomad. It does not feel as though a home â€Å"binds† a child to it, but instead its a safe haven, somewhere that you can feel safe. By recounting the story in a first-person point of view, Douglass better conveys his story to the reader. In telling the story in such a way, Douglass appeals to the emotions of his reader, even their humanity, in an effort to show them just how abusive the situation of a slave holder is.He does so in order to show both the effects of abuse on the slave and the owner himself. A story told in the third person can be percieved as detached, something that does not truly exist. But, by telling it from the perspective of one who actually endured the abuses, Douglass was able to make the story more credible and even make the reader think that such circumstances could happen to themselves. In telling the story in the first person, Douglass achieves his goal of appealing to the audience's humanity.No longer could they simply remain ignorant to the plight of a slave living in the south, but instead they now had to actually acknowledge the fact that they knew what was happening, and either act o n this knowledge, or ignore it. The constant use of specific details in the autobiography gives the tale credibility and engrosses the reader. An early, but important, example of a specific detail occurs in chapter 7. Here, Douglass is detailing his dire situation. He wishes to expand his intelligence, but then is unable to begin doing so because of his status as a slave.When Captain Anthony died, Douglass's hatred of slavery was even more apparent, when he was â€Å"to be valued with the other property† as though he were an item, not a person. In doing this, Frederick was perceived by his owner's heirs to be nothing more than a piece of property to be decided upon, not a person with hopes and dreams. Later in the tale, Douglass describes Mr. Hopkins, who's â€Å"Chief boast was his ability to manage slaves. † Hopkins was a cruel man, the poster child of slave handlers, and would enjoy beating and abusing his slaves.In describing his living conditions in prison, he des cribed it as â€Å"Much more comfortable†¦ than we expected†¦ Did not get much to eat, nor which was very good, but we had a clean room. † In doing this, Douglass provides the reader with an idea of just how bad their lives were as slaves, when even a prison cell seemed to be a comfortable and clean set of living conditions. Finally, Douglass refrained from using any real in-depth details when recounting his actual escape from slavery to freedom.He did this because he did not want slave owners to be able to use any of his methods against slaves themselves, which would endanger both abolitionists and slaves alike. Finally, the use of Allusion throughout the tale helps to show the great conflict of being free but a fugitive. Douglass compared his decision to that of Patrick Henry in deciding whether or pursue his own freedom or to remain a slave. Henry's decision for â€Å"Liberty or Death† was an easy one, Douglass claims, as it was certain liberty or death.In Douglass's case, however, the liberty was extremely uncertain, with even after him having escaped the possibility of being returned as a fugitive slave remained. Douglass also compares himself to an â€Å"Unarmed Mariner [rescued]†¦ From the pursuit of a Pirate† when describing his joy at obtaining freedom from slavery. Douglass also recalled the words of Thomas Jefferson, who despite being a slave owner, wrote that its practice was a â€Å"War against human nature itself. † Finally, Douglass alludes to the story of Daniel in the bible, who had been thrown into a lion's den but escaped unharmed through the help of God.This situation seems similar to the one Douglass found himself in, with his extraordinary luck allowing him to survive something that most men did not. Frederick Douglass used five literary devices in his narrative in order to better convey his story to the audience. His use of Imagery, Diction, First Person, specific details, and allusion causes th e story to be not only more realistic, but also more believable, by the audience. In doing so, he was better able to achieve his goal of conveying his story of slavery and freedom.

H.D. or Hilda Doolittle - Imagist Poet, Translator

H.D. or Hilda Doolittle - Imagist Poet, Translator Hilda Doolittle (September 10, 1886–September 27 [or 28], 1961), also known as H.D., was a poet, author, translator, and memoirist known for her early poetry, which helped bring in the modern style of poetry and for her translations from the Greek. Early Years Hilda Doolittle was the only surviving girl in her family, with three brothers and two older half-brothers. She was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Hildas father, Charles Leander Doolittle, came from New England ancestry. At the time of Hildas birth, he was the directory of Sayre Observatory and a professor of mathematics and astronomy at Lehigh University. Her father was quite supportive of her education; he thought she could become a scientist or mathematician, but she did not take to math. She wanted to be an artist like her mother, but her father ruled out art school. Charles Leander was rather cool, detached, and uncommunicative. Hildas mother Helen was a warm personality, in contrast to Hildas father, though she favored her son, Gilbert, over the other children. Her ancestry was Moravian. Her father had been a biologist and directory of the Moravian Seminary. Helen taught painting and music to children. Hilda saw her mother as losing her own identity to support her husband. Hilda Doolittles earliest years were spent living in her mothers familys Moravian community. In about 1895, Charles Doolittle became a professor at the University of Pennsylvania and a director of the Flower Observatory. Hilda attended the Gordon School, then the Friends Preparatory School. Early Writing and Loves When Hilda Doolittle was 15, she met Ezra Pound, a 16-year-old freshman at the University of Pennsylvania where her father was teaching. The next year, Pound introduced her to William Carlos Williams, then a medical student. Hilda enrolled at Bryn Mawr, a womens university, in 1904. Marianne Moore was a classmate. By 1905, Hilda Doolittle was composing poems. She continued her friendships with Pound and Williams. Despite her fathers opposition, she became engaged to Ezra Pound and the couple had to meet secretly. During her sophomore year, Hilda left school, for health reasons and her poor results in math and English. She turned to self-study of Greek and Latin, and she began writing for Philadelphia and New York papers, often submitting stories for children. Not much is known of her time between 1906 and 1911. In 1908, Ezra Pound moved to Europe. Hilda was living in New York in 1910, writing her first free verse poems. Around 1910, Hilda met and became involved with Frances Josepha Gregg, who had had an affair with Pound. Hilda found herself torn between the two. In 1911, Hilda toured Europe with Frances Gregg and Frances mother. She met there with Pound, whom she discovered was unofficially engaged to Dorothy Shakespear, making it clear to Hilda that her engagement to Pound was over. Hilda chose to remain in Europe. Her parents tried to get her to return home, but when she made clear that she was staying, they provided her with financial support. Gregg returned to America when Hilda stayed, to Hildas disappointment. In London, Doolittle moved in the literary circle of Ezra Pound. This group included such luminaries as W. B. Yeats and May Sinclair. She met Richard Aldington there, an Englishman and poet, six years younger than she was. Hilda received a letter from Gregg in 1911: Gregg had married and wanted Hilda to join her honeymoon trip to Paris. Pound convinced Hilda not to go. Gregg and Doolittle continued to write to each other occasionally until 1939. Hilda went to Paris in December of 1911 with Aldington, then to Italy with her visiting parents. Pound met her several times during these travels. She was back in London in 1912. Imagist Poet - and Chaotic Private Life At one meeting, Pound declared Hilda Doolittle to be an Imagist, and wanted her to sign her poems H.D. Imagist. She took up his insistent suggestion. She was known professionally after that as H.D. In October of 1913, H.D. and Aldington married, her parents and Ezra Pound among the guests. In 1914, Pound and Shakespears engagement became official when her father finally agreed to the marriage, which took place that year. Pound and his new wife moved into a flat in the same building as H.D. and Aldington. H.D. contributed to the 1914 publication, Des Imagistes, the first anthology of Imagist poetry. In publishing her poems in Poetry, H.D. began to have an influence on others. Amy Lowell, for instance, reacted to H.D.s published poems by declaring herself an Imagist as well. A poem first published in 1914 is often considered the prototypical Imagist poem, with spare language evoking images: OreadWhirl up, seaWhirl your pointed pines,Splash your great pineson our rockshurl your green over uscover us with your pools of fir. In 1915, H.D. published her first book of poems, Sea Garden. She also had a miscarriage that year. She blamed it on hearing about the sinking of the Lusitania. Her doctors told her to refrain from sex for the duration of the war. Richard had an affair with H.D.s friend Brigit Patmore, and then a more serious affair with Dorothy (Arabella) Yorke. Aldington enlisted to fight in World War I in 1916, hoping by enlisting to avoid being drafted. While he was away, H.D. took his place as literary editor of the Egoist, the main imagist publication. H.D. was also working on translations, and in 1916 published her translation of Choruses from Iphegenia in Aulis,, which was published by Egoist Press. Her health poor, H.D. resigned as the Egoists editor in 1917, and T.S. Eliot succeeded her in that position. D.H. Lawrence had become a friend, and one of his friends, Cecil Gray, a music historian, became involved with H.D. Then D.H. Lawrence and his wife came to stay with H.D. H.D. and Lawrence apparently came very close to having an affair, but her affair with Gray led to Lawrence and his wife leaving. Psychic Death In 1918, H.D. was devastated by the news that her brother, Gilbert, had died in action in France. Their father had a stroke when he learned of his sons death. H.D. became pregnant, apparently by Gray, and Aldington promised to be there for her and the child. The next March, H.D. received word that her father had died. She later called this month her psychic death. H.D. became seriously ill with influenza, which progressed to pneumonia. For a time, it was thought that she was going to die. Her daughter was born. Aldington forbid her using his name for the child, and left her for Dorothy Yorke. H.D. named her daughter Frances Perdita Aldington, and the daughter was known by that sad name, Perdita. Bryher The next period of her H.D.s life was relatively more calm and productive. In July of 1918, H.D. met Winifred Ellerman, a wealthy woman who became her benefactor and her lover. Ellerman had renamed herself Bryher. They went to Greece in 1920, and then to America together in 1920 and 1921. Among their stays were New York and Hollywood. While in the U.S., Bryher married Robert McAlmon, a marriage of convenience which freed Bryher from parental control. H.D. published her second book of poems in 1921, called Hymen. The poems featured many female figures from mythology as narrators, including Hymen, Demeter,  and Circe. H.D.s mother joined Bryher and H.D. on a trip to Greece in 1922, including a visit to the island of Lesbos, known as the home of the poet Sappho. The next year they went on to Egypt, where they were present at the opening of King Tuts tomb. Later that year, H.D. and Bryher moved to Switzerland, into houses near each other. H.D. found more peace for her writing. She kept her apartment in London for many years, splitting her time between homes. The next year, H.D. published Heliodora, and in 1925,  Collected Poems. The latter marked both the recognition of her work, and a kind of ending of the main phase of her poetry career. Kenneth MacPherson Through Frances Gregg, H.D. met Kenneth Macpherson. H.D. and Macpherson had an affair beginning in 1926. Bryher divorced Robert McAlmon and then married Macpherson. Some speculate that the marriage was cover to prevent Aldington from protesting the use of his name for H.D.s daughter, Perdita. Macpherson adopted Perdita in 1928, the same year H.D. had an abortion while staying in Berlin. H.D. briefly reconciled with Aldington in 1929. The three founded a film group, the Pool Group. For that group, Macpherson directed three movies; H.D. starred in them: Wing Beat in 1927, Foothills in 1928, and Borderline in 1930 (with Paul Robeson). The three also traveled together. Macpherson drifted off eventually, more interested in affairs with men. More Writing From 1927 to 1931, in addition to taking up some acting, H.D. wrote for the avant-garde cinema journal Close Up, which she, Macpherson, and Bryher founded, with Bryher financing the project. H.D. published her first novel, Palimpsest, in 1926, featuring women expatriates with careers, searching for their identity and love. In 1927, she published a prose play Hippolytus Temporizes and in 1928, both a second novel, Hedylus set in ancient Greece, and Narthax, asking whether love and art are compatible for women. In 1929 she published more poems. Psychoanalysis Bryher met Sigmund Freud in 1937 and began analysis with his disciple Hanns Sachs in 1928. H.D. began analysis with Mary Chadwick, and in 1931 through 1933, with Sachs. She was referred by him to Sigmund Freud. H.D. came to see in this psychoanalytic work a way to link myths as universal understandings of union, to mystic visions shed experienced. In 1939, she began writing Tribute to Freud about her experiences with him. War and Shadows of War Bryher became involved with rescuing refugees from the Nazis between 1923 and 1928, helping more than 100, mostly Jews, escape. H.D. also took an anti-fascist stand. Over this, she broke with Pound, who was pro-fascist, even promoting investment in Mussolinis Italy. H.D. published The Hedgehog, a childrens story, in 1936, and the next year published a translation of Ion by Euripides. She finally divorced Aldington in 1938, the year she also received the Levinson Prize for Poetry. H.D. returned to Britain when war broke out. Bryher returned after Germany invaded France. They spent the war mostly in London. In the war years, H.D. produced three volumes of poetry: The Walls Do Not Fall in 1944, Tribute to the Angels in 1945, and Flowering of the Rod in 1946. These three, a war trilogy, were reprinted in 1973 as one volume. They were not nearly as popular as her earlier work. Was H.D. a Lesbian? H.D., Hilda Doolittle, has been claimed as a lesbian poet and novelist. She was likely more accurately called a bisexual. She wrote an essay called The Wise Sappho and a number of poems with Sapphic references- at a time when Sappho was identified with lesbianism. Freud named her the perfect bi- Later Life H.D. began to have occult experiences and write more mystical poetry. Her involvement in the occult caused a split with Bryher, and after H.D. had a breakdown in 1945 and retreated to Switzerland, they lived apart though they remained in regular communication. Perdita moved to the United States, where she married in 1949 and had four children. H.D. visited America twice, in 1956 and 1960, to visit her grandchildren. H.D. renewed contact with Pound, with whom she corresponded often. H.D. published Avon River in 1949. More awards came H.D.s way in the 1950s, as her role in American poetry was recognized. In 1960, she won the poetry award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 1956, H.D. broke her hip, and recovered in Switzerland. She published a collection, Selected Poems, in 1957, and in 1960 a roman a clef about life around World War I- including the end of her marriage- as Bid Me to Live. She moved to a nursing home in 1960 after her last visit to America. Still productive, she published in 1961 Helen in Egypt from the perspective of Helen as protagonist and wrote 13 poems that were published in 1972 as Hermetic Definition. She had a stroke in June of 1961 and died, still in Switzerland, on September 27. The year 2000 saw the first publication of her work, Pilates Wife, with the wife of Pontius Pilate, whom H.D. named Veronica, as protagonist.

Habil Qabil Essay Example

Habil Qabil Essay Example Habil Qabil Paper Habil Qabil Paper The Play of Habit and Cabal by HISS The script of Habit and Cabal by HISS Presenter: Sulfanilamide and welcome to the play of Habit and Cabal. Before the scene is set, we would Just like to thank you all for coming and mention that any good from this play Is from Allah STW and any mistakes or wrong-doings is from ourselves and we ask Allah to forgive us and make light to us our mistakes, Install. Without further ado, we hope you enjoy the play (Presenter walks off. Narrators walk on, each on separate sides of stage) Narrator 1: Once upon a time; Adam, peace be upon him, and his wife Haw, may Allah be pleased with her, were residing In Earth, when one day Haw gave birth to their first children, a set of twins. It was a happy day and both parents loved their children dearly. The young boy was named Cabal. (Enter young Cabal and twin sister 1, start playing together on stage) Narrator 2: Soon after, Haw gave birth to her second set of twins and like before It was a young boy and girl. The boy was named Habit, (Enter young Habit and twin sister 2, start playing together with young Cabal and sister on stage) Narrator 1: (pause before reading this line, let young ones play and laugh a bit) They ere a very happy family who enjoyed the beautiful fruits and luxuries that Allah STW had blessed them with and thus the children grew up to be young strong and healthy. (Young kids walk off stage, big Habit (with sheep) and Cabal enter. Habit look after sheep, Cabal sort through grains) Narrator 2: Cabal would till the land while Habit would raise the cattle. Narrator 1 : As time went by the young boys reached an age where they desired lifelong partners. Allah STW revealed to Adam BUY to instruct the boys to marry the twin sister of their brother. (Sheep walk off) n smiling and stands next to Habit) is much more beautiful than yours! (Point to ugly twin sister who walks on offended) Ugly twin sister: What did you say to me? (With sass) Cabal: This is unfair, Im going to talk to father about this!! (All twins walk off stage, Cabal walks off angrily while pretty twin sister runs after him saying : Pretty twin sister: Cabal wait, its not that bad! Cabal! Habit and ugly twin sister leave, Habit putting arm over his sister and looks like hes reassuring her) Narrator 2: Adam BUY was in a dilemma as he wanted to keep peace in the family UT did not want to disobey Allah Sets command. So like in any tough situations, the Prophet invoked Allah STW for guidance. Narrator 1: It was revealed that both brothers had to offer a sacrifice for Allah STW and whose ever was accepted had right on their side. (Cabal and Habit (with sheep) enter from different sides of stage and face back to back. Presenter put orange sheet on stage) Habit: Im going to give my best sheep! (Smiles and puts sheep in place) Cabal: I dont care what I give, Im Just going to give this rotting grain. All my work will e gone if I give my best grain, Eve worked too hard and put too much time and effort into my work Just to give it away! (Cabal and Habit leave stage, while sheep pulls orange sheet [represents fire consuming it] over him then leaves stage) Narrator 2: A fire descended and consumed Habits sacrifice thus Allah STW had accepted Habits sheep leaving Cabals rotting sacrifice as it was. Narrator 1: Adam BUY knew it was Habits sincere kind offering that would be the one accepted but Cabal became very angry confronting his father, demanding that Habits was only accepted because he thought Adam BUY had only prayed for Habit and not for himself. He promised his father to settle the matter between himself and his brother, but this was to have serious consequences. (Presenter remove grain from stage and put stone on stage. Habit and Cabal enter Cabal: Your sacrifice was accepted and mine was not, thats so unfair!! Daddys little boy always gets everything. I work all day tilling the land, sweating and you merely stand around watching cattle! You are always favored, you get to go out late at night hunting but Id never be allowed to! You dont deserve any of that and you certainly dont deserve my sister, only I do!! So for that I will surely kill you so that you will not marry my sister! Habit: Verily, Allah accepts only from those who are pious. If you do stretch your hand against me to kill me, I shall never stretch my hand against you to kill you, for I fear Allah; the Lord of all that exists. Verily I intend to let you draw my sin on yourself as well as yours, then you will be one of the dwellers of the Fire, and that is the recompense for the wrong-doers. (Cabal picks up a stone and eyes Habit for a couple of seconds. Cabal then throws stone at Habit who lets out a cry as he falls to the ground. Cabal smiles and runs off stage) Narrator 2: Cabal the first murderer of mankind and Habit the first martyr of mankind. (Habit crawl offstage taking stone with him) Narrator 1: After some time, Adam BUY started looking for Habit as he was getting worried for he had not seen his beloved son for a long time. He asked Cabal who impudently replied that he was not his brothers keeper nor his protector. From this, Adam BUY knew what had happened and grieved that he had lost both his sons. Lost Cabal to Bills and lost Habit in death. Narrator 2: Adam BUY, a great Prophet continued spreading the message throughout his children and grandchildren despite this tragic incident, warning his children of Bills, giving this story as an example of the cruelness and deviousness of Bills. Narrator 1 : Meanwhile, Cabal was facing the consequences of his terrible crime. (Cabal enter dragging Habit. Place Habit in middle of stage and looking regretful starts pacing up and down stage) Cabal: Eve been traveling for days with this corpse on my back, yet still I do not know where to hide it, and on top of all this, the stench of this body is becoming more and ore unbearable! Oh what have I done! (Cabal falls to his knees in despair. Presenter put brown cloth on stage. Two crows letting out a crow. Crow 1 than uses her foot and wings to pretend to dig and then buries Crow 2 (puts brown cloth of Crow 2) then flies of Cabal: (standing up) Woe to me! Am I not even able to be as this crow and to hide the dead body of my brother? (Crow 2 crawls off stage leaving cloth. Cabal begins to bury Doing as crows did Then puts cloth over Habit) Narrator 2: Sending the crows was a mercy of Allah STW despite what Cabal had done ND thus showed Cabal how to hide the body of his brother therefore releasing one of his many burdens. This shows that Allahs mercy always remains, but it is up to the individual to run towards it and ask for forgiveness. (Cabal runs offstage. Habit crawls off taking cloth with him) Narrator 1: Unfortunately, Cabal did not run towards the mercy of Allah and instead ran far away from his family. He still believed that what he did was correct and continued to suffer from the whisperings of Bills. Presenter: Thank you for watching. We hope you enjoyed watching this play as much as we enjoyed performing it. END