Crime and punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crime and punishment - Essay Example Christian’s study was ethnographic in nature. The study involved observation of families as they travel to various New York prisons to visit their loved ones. The study also involved observation of family members during family support group meetings for prisoners’ families and related activities for a period of 200 hours (Christian 35). In addition, the study involved open-ended interviews with prisoners’ family members. The interviews featured 19 family members with the samples comprising girlfriends, wives, one brother, and mothers (Christian 35). The study established that many prisoners are never visited by their family members for a variety of reasons. Some of the main reasons behind this trend include financial constraints, distance between home and prison, severed or strained relationships with the person incarcerated, and issues related to prison bureaucracy. As such, the study reveals that visiting a prisoner involves the expenditure of finance, time, energy, and other resources (Christian 44). The study established that the family members that visit their loved ones in prison do so for a variety of reason including: to provide moral support to the prisoner; to watch over the prison system against mistreating prisoners; to secure hope for a different future (parole), and to provide basic needs to the prisoners (Christian 40-44). The study further established that the relationships between prisoners and their family members are fluid and change over time. The research reveals that incarceration has unintended consequences on families as some people end up severing their relations with prisoners (Christian, 46). The relations are also affected due to the high demands associated with prison visits. Yet another factor that affects families’ visits relate to their relationship with the prisoner before incarceration and the prisoner’s efforts toward self rehabilitation. Christian’s study which

Becoming a teacher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Becoming a teacher - Essay Example A teacher always uses a lesson plan for facilitation of student learning, offering a course study referred to as a curriculum. A curriculum according to formal education refers to planned interaction of students and pupils with materials, instructional content, resources and process for the purpose of evaluating the achievement of educational goals. Other definitions used to refer to curriculum include: All the education processes which are deliberated and guided by the education institution, whether it is performed individually or in groups, within or outside the institutional compound. Outlines the values, performances, skills, and attitudes pupils are expected to learn from the process of schooling. It comprises of statements of required pupil outcomes, the planned sequence and descriptions of materials that will be needed and implemented to help students achieve their goals. The total education experience provided by an educational institution. It includes the syllabus, the strat egies and other aspects, like values and norms in an educational environment. The roles of teachers vary among cultures since they engage in provision of education but under different fields. Teachers may therefore provide information in different fields including: arts, civics, literacy, numeracy, life skills and community roles. All these fields are covered in educational institutions where teachers provide information in regards to their areas of specialisation. It is in this case clear that, teachers graduate from their various colleges and universities having specialised in certain fields (Vygotsky, 1978, 48). This is the reason why a teacher is not able to provide education on all the subjects covered in educational institutions. These areas of specialisation that teachers provide information on are referred to as curriculum subjects. They are the units that students and pupils learn in various institutions. For a teacher to be enrolled in a certain educational institution, th ere are various standards that should be met. There are rules and regulations that govern teachers for them to carry out effective teaching making certain that all the pupils and students are well taught and that they get to understand what they are being taught (Piaget, 2001. 65). Every teacher here in the United Kingdom is expected to follow these rules and regulations to the latter. This essay seeks to explain the strategies of teaching and learning that can be implemented in English language. As a teacher i intend to implement learning and teaching strategies that will make my class understand everything in the English unit and do well in their exams at the end of the day. In teaching there are various rules and regulations that should be followed in order to make teaching effective. These standards should be followed and kept by all teaching staff. This gives a clear impression that teachers have to keep certain standards of behaviour in their working areas to make certain that their teaching undertakings are effective enough to students and pupils (Alexander, 2010, 76). Teachers are important individuals in the society because they offer knowledge to pupils and students which mould them for better future. This is an issue which makes them to be viewed as important people because without them, students and pupils cannot acquire knowledge needed in life. In this case, they are considered individuals who take part in hard work especially teachers in the lower levels where the pupils are so

Industrial Engineers role in Theme Parks compared to supply chain Essay

Industrial Engineers role in Theme Parks compared to supply chain managers role in Theme Parks - Essay Example Mechanical engineering is in few cases considered equivalent to industrial engineering, but in reality, the two domains of engineering are entirely different. Mechanical engineering is appropriate to tangible mechanically powered machineries, their working and related technicalities, whereas industrial engineering is pertinent to optimization of production systems and engineering solution to real problems in process flow. â€Å"Solutions† entail decision where one has to prefer one reasonably feasible solution over a different viable solution. A proper understanding, illustrating the application of industrial and mechanical engineering based on situation of a theme park, is demonstrated in this technical report. The concept behind the industry of the theme park was originated from an American invention, but now it has established its roots globally. The wonder initiated with the Cyclone roller coaster once installed at Coney Island in New York City. The most important cause pe ople trip and resume tripping to theme parks is the thrilling rides. Presently, there are more than thirteen thousand roller coasters in the US. The speediest and most elevated is Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure in New Jersey. The Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World has the highest visitors among all the theme parks in the world; this Magic World is located in Orlando, FL. One wonders as to how such mega theme parks are designed, developed, operated, maintained, improved, managed and sustained. The successful theme parks have huge employee resource allocated for each and every step. Among the employee resource industrial and mechanical engineers play a vital role in accomplishing the goals of theme park organizations and, thus, theme parks produce returns in the multiple billion dollars per annum. Hence, due to constant enforcement of brilliant resource, sales figures persist to grow with the passage of time. For attracting the visitors design innovations, frequent changes and developments are necessary, therefore, variety of engineering specialties are utilized in order to cope with the growing challenges. This paper enlightens the role of mechanical versus industrial engineers in the running of theme parks. The paper covers both aspects of engineering that are practical aspect as well as academic in order to illustrate the roles more explicitly. 2. Problem Statement The subject statement of ‘Industrial Engineers Role in Theme Parks Compared To Mechanical Engineers Role in Theme Parks’ is in a technical realm, where one has to figure out the academic grounds of the two domains of engineering and then analyzing the practical explanations, and finally linking it with the needs and challenges of a theme park. The countless hours of entertainment involve a tremendous amount of expertise in varying fields of industrial and mechanical engineering. At the same time as all the exertion of these engineers continues to happen behind the apparent pict ure, the ultimate objective is to make thrilling rides and involvements whilst ensuring the safety and confidence of every visitor and guest at the foremost point in the priority list. i. Job Diversity in Theme Park Theme park requires variety of job opportunities, as per engineering is concerned, theme parks require establishment of standard processes to maximize safety of operations, identification and analysis of

Internet Security Essay Example for Free

Internet Security Essay The key techniques to the most affordable website security would be the casual features of the website for the purpose of safeguarding the website content and the transactions that are to be made for fulfilling the ecommerce objectives of the website. The following can be credited to the diverse ways to secure the website and customer information for the â€Å"Grandmas Treats† website: Web content security: It forms the greater part of the security as they are aimed at non-representation or illegal presentation of false content that a user is not expected to see. The term cross site scripting (or XSS) is often used in conjunction with the web content and links that are to be secured for a website. Acunetix (2007) own product Acunetix Web Vulnerability Scanner is easily downloadable and comes free. Using that one could scan their website for any such flaws. Directory traversal attacks: The directory traversal attacks are quite common where the links are traversed to a very different path where the information flows to the hackers. It is due to the malfunction of the codes at the client and server sides. The code efficiency and link path requires to be checked periodically so that one is able to redesign and test the system for any malfunction. SQL injection: It is another method where intruders are capable to draw information from one website using SQL languages to illegally fetch customer’s data for obtaining their financial information or to manipulate information for wrong use. The website must be checked periodically for such incidents and must also make sure that customer records are encrypted using 128 bit security layers at the database side. The database security must be checked for getting sure that no such activity is evident. The customer’s financial information would be encrypted to hide it from easy access from hackers. E-commerce transactions security: The use of SSL 3. 0 makes sure that all vulnerabilities regarding the tapping of information so that ones purchases are safe in all respects. The use of this protocol makes sure that a secured channel is followed for communication between the client communicating clients. The use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) is important and can be enabled for any website for securing the communication to the communicating clients. IETF (2007) explains that TLS composes of point to point authentication techniques and communications privacy over the internet strengthening the encryption. 1. Web server checks and database security checks: The periodic checks are done to put a check on performance of the website and database usage. All the relevant links and database security is checked for overall assurance. 2. Database backup: The database backup plans must be devised accordingly for keeping the records safe to protect against unforeseen disasters (Navathe, 2002). These simple tips would be helpful for the website to take care of the affordable needs for security and customer data protection so that one is able to safely carry out transactions over the internet. References Acunetix (2007). Web Site Security Center: Check Implement Web Site Security. Retrieved 16, December 2007 from http://www.acunetix.com/websitesecurity/

Treatment Plan for Codrina Essay -- Becks theory on cognitive therapy

As Codrina’s counselor, you will create an effective treatment plan that is based on Beck's theory on cognitive therapy. What cognitive distortions can you infer that Codrina has because of her past? Codrina is a 40-year-old, divorced, white female seeking counseling at a university counseling center. She is seeking counseling because she has been unable to sleep well and has lost her appetite after her roommate ran off with her husband. Codrina was raised in a state orphanage in Russia and her childhood years were of isolation, hunger and scarcity. She describes spending many days just staring at the wall and rocking back and forth. Once she left the orphanage at 16 years, she worked in Moscow for a few years until she met her American girlfriend. She lived with her for a couple of years in Moscow and then moved to the U.S. Codrina met a young man and their relationship moved quickly to where they married within months of their first meeting. Meanwhile her girlfriend had become unusually cold toward her and started to verbally abuse her during their visits. One day, Codrina discovered that her girlfriend was having sex with her husband. She filed for and was granted a divorce. I n session, Codrina claimed that this breakup was her partner's loss and that anyone would be lucky to have her. However, even six months after the divorce, she is unable to sleep at night (she had trouble sleeping as a child as well.) She wants help for insomnia from her therapist. Codrina also complains about a new male friend who she hangs out with, who, she reports is starting to be rude and insensitive to her. She was thinking of starting a business with this friend, but now does not trust him to be fair to her in his business dealings. She wants to... ...o think back to where they were and what they were doing when the incident or argument occurred. This exercise can foster greater access to the emotions they were experiencing at the time† (Beck, 1963). Works Cited AARON T. BECK, MD. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1963; 9(4):324-333. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1963.01720160014002. Retrieved from http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=488402 Ackerman, Brian P.; Kogos, Jen; Youngstrom, Eric; Schoff, Kristen; Izard, Carroll. Family instability and the problem behaviors of children from economically disadvantaged families. Developmental Psychology, Vol 35(1), Jan 1999, 258-268. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.258 Rubin, Kenneth H.; Mills, Rosemary S..The many faces of social isolation in childhood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol 56(6), Dec 1988, 916-924. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.916

Burn Out and Correctional Officers Essay -- Criminal Justice

There have been an increasing number of studies done in the past 40 years based on the concept of â€Å"burn-out† and specifically the work environment for human service workers and the evident amount of job stress these suffer from. Human service workers play a vital role in our community and it is terrible to think that so many of these passionate people are overwhelmed and burnout from their careers. Another big issue is not only the impact burnout has on the individual but on their clients and organization. A professional who is burned out cannot assist a client to the best of their ability. For example, an inmate in a correctional facility will not be getting the best care in order to rehabilitate them and reintegrate them into society if the correctional workers are burnt out and bitter. Everyone that studies the concept of burnout have their own take on it, and their own definition. The biggest problem with the study of burnout is the lack of clarity and complete agreeable concept amongst all those trying to define it. Being burnt out could describe anything from the flu to depression because there is not any clear classification. The definition of burnout by Christina Maslach seems to be all encompassing. According to Maslach, â€Å"burnout is a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment that can occur among individuals who work with people in some capacity.† A vital characteristic of the burnout syndrome is increased feelings of emotional exhaustion – â€Å"as emotional resources are depleted, workers feel they are no longer able to give of themselves at a psychological level.† Another aspect of the burnout syndrome is the development of depersonalization, which are basically negativ... ...f Psychology 52, no. 1 (2001): 396-422. Maslach, Christina. "Job Burnout: New Directions in Research and Intervention." Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2003: 198-192. Mumola, C. J. "Substance Abuse and Treatment, State and Federal Prisoners." Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1999. Paine, Whiton Stewart. "Job Stress and Burnout." Research, Theory and Intervention Perspectives (Sage Publications), 1982. Patrick, Pamela. Health Care Worker Burnout: What It Is, What To Do About It. Inquiry Books, 1981. Pines, Ayala. "Sex and Culture in Burnout and Coping Among Human Service Professionals." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 17, no. 2 (June 1986): 191-209. Shapiro, David. "Psychotherapy and subjective experience." psychiatry (Basic Books), 1985: 311-317. Whitehead, John T. Burnout in Probation and Corrections. The University of Michigan: Praeger, 1999.

Domestic Violence among African Americans Essay

Domestic violence is abuse that occurs within a personal relationship. It can occur between former or current spouses or significant others. Domestic violence doesn’t have a name it affects both men and women of any race, religion; gay or straight; upper class or low class; adolescents, adults, or seniors. But most of its victims are women rather men. While domestic violence is present in all races, the existence among African Americans is significantly higher in the United States. There are many elements that have been shown to stimulate a person to engage in domestic violence examples are failing relationships, lack of employment, poor school systems, violent communities, drug use and the multitude of nearby accessible liquor stores. Experiencing any these situations can lead to strong emotions that can ultimately result in domestic violence. People who experience domestic violence are deeply affected and often live in fear. This plague has broken down and destroyed many African American communities. There are serious physical and mental health risks involved in domestic Violence. Abortion, stress, unconsented sexual encounters, possible suicides, complicated pregnancies and murder are few possible physical results from domestic violence. (Bent-Goodley, 2004) Abuse, control and violence are components of domestic violence. Neither the abuser nor the person being abused are winners in these type of situations. The abuser actions shows characteristics of controlling, anger, oppressor, possessiveness, power and liar. The abusers victims are usually people that can be manipulated, scared and shielded by the abuser. Although the abuser may be an adult most often their mental capacity displays child like behavior. A child will typically throw fits and become angry when things don’t go their way or they didn’t get what they wanted. This anger that possess is shown through mental and physical abuse . Abuser are usually not very open people and they believe that are right in every situation. However, they never take the blame for their actions and tend to blame others, most often their spouse. The victims  of abuse tend to show characteristics of having low self-esteem, sadness and being unconfident about themselves. Often the victim believes that this type of physical and verbal abuse should be inflicted upon them. (Agazie, 2011) Generally, a victim or spouse show signs of previously experiencing an unstable and hostile childhood, and possibly being abused as a child. As a result, they feel like an unwanted and scared child who is weak, instead of like an adult. African Americans who survive domestic violence, child abuse and community violence consistently engage in various types substance abuse at higher rates. (Hill, et al, 2012) African American abusers who has previously used a weapon or threatened their spouse with one during arguments, will more than likely kill them by lethal violence. It is stated that 80% of African American women who have murdered their partners had a history of abuse. Violence and nonviolence have been proven behaviors that are learned. Social and cultural beliefs, outlooks on life, examples, role models influences on whether a person decides to engage in volatile or nonvolatile behavior. It is very key to know how a person elects to use violence or nonviolence. (Wimberly, 2000) Statistics have shown that African American women are more prone to leave an abusive relationship and then return to it compared to white women. (Agazie, 2011) African American women suffer mistreatment over a long period of time and have a tendencies fight back. Close to 50% of victims that attempt to leave their abusive relationship are killed by their partners. (Williams, et al, 2008) African American women are brought up as younger girls under strong religious belief and family values. They are taught at a young age that once you get married you do what it takes not to become a victim of divorce. They are told that it may not be easy but you are married for life once you have made that commitment. With this type of upbringing African American women tend to procrastinate and often hesitate leaving an unhealthy marriage due to their beliefs. Most people don’t not understand the reasoning behind women staying in this form of relationship. While the reasons for their reluctances to leave an abusive relationship are uncertain, some likely justifications would be (1) when searching for a spouse African American women have a smaller amount of choices than White women; (2) African American women’s income is normally lower than of most  White women; (3) Black women are reluctant to call the police due to the trust that African American in the justice system. Unfortunately, most battered and abused Black women find no other way out of the relationship and resort to killing their partners. Losing financial means may also contribute to the reason why African American women of lower class are reluctant to report abuse. The abusing spouse may take care of the victim financially by providing a place to stay, clothes and food and, in order to keep their current living status so they remain quiet about the abuse. Reputation may play a part in why African American women of higher class hesitate to report abuse because they don’t want to put their reputation at risk. Another reason why abused victims remain quiet is because they may not be taken serious by law enforcement. It has been confirmed that domestic violence is treated more like a private family matter rather than serious matter. Typically when law enforcement is called to a domestic violence scene, no arrest is usually made and if they are ever prosecuted the case is usually dismissed. (Hampton, et al, 2008) In many cases I have found that the African American community seems to accept, if not encourage, the domestic violence that exists within it. While it is easy to blame education or social rank for a couple’s behavior or society’s reaction to it, these factors are often not as important as one might expect. A woman with multiple degrees or at the highest level of social strata is as vulnerable to domestic violence as the woman who did not graduate form high school. It equally as likely for a man who is born to an upper middle class family and a man born to a family tha t lives in poverty to participate in an abusive relationship. The Black church has always and continues to be a pillar of strength to Black families and communities. The Black church has been a powerful force in the Black community. Domestic violence is a tough situation to endure, so many African Americans turn to prayer to cope with the difficulties in their lives. (Watlington & Murphy, 2006) The Black church has been unreliable and, at times, inadequate in reacting to domestic violence situations. (Bent- Goodley, et al, 2012) For instance on August 22, 2007, Bishop Thomas Weeks, pastor of an independent ministry that worked out of the Global Destiny Church (Haines, 2007) assaulted his wife, Juanita Bynum. This assault is significant not only for the positions held by the participant, but also for the actions taken by the African American  community itself. According to Haines (2007) the community did not speak out against the pastor after the beating. Rather, some members of the community spoke in support for the pastor. Haines quotes one individual as posting a message to Weeks’ MySpace page that read, â€Å"Bishop Weeks, don’t be discouraged, but be encouraged. Stand firm and know that the Lord is mighty in battle†. Haines reports that another community member asked her own pastor about the Weeks domestic abuse case, only to find that â€Å"he had no reaction to the abuse and only provided him with scriptures.† making her wonder what he could offer her if she were a victim of domestic abuse (Haines, 2007). While this situation may be distressing, it is not unusual. According to Jordan (2005) â€Å"When African American men act as bullies toward African American women they tend to engage in active-passive renunciation†, which leaves abused women the choice of speaking out or being ostracized. What kind of message does this send? As a young girl I watched my mother be abused countless times by my very own father. She endured this abuse for many years and it appeared as though she would never leave him. It was as if she was accepting of it or had merely gotten used to it. Then one day after 13 years she left and didn’t look back. Although she didn’t speak out about it, she removed herself from the situation. Most of my family knew about the situation but never brought it up. Years later my father eventually changed for the better. I believe that change has to come from within. You can acquire help and assistance but until you want to change no one can help you. It is difficult to create successful programs and mediation approaches that are geared towards domestic violence without fully understanding how African Americans grasp and distinguish this disease. (Bent-Goodley, 2013) Domestic abuse is not distinctive to the African American community. As it stands, whether an African American woman is rich or poor, educated or not, she is at grave risk of being abused by her partner. As it stands, that woman is also at grave risk of being rejected by her community and even her family, if she speaks up about her abuse. Domestic abuse is not limited to only woman but the percentages are outstandingly high compared to an abused make victim. This violence must come to an end. Through education from within, it might be possible to initiate change. References Williams, Oliver J.; Oliver, William; Pope, Marcus. (2008). Domestic Violence in the African American Community. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p229-237. 9p. Agazie, Maxine. (2011). Cultural Considerations Impacting Domestic Violence Among African American Women: Implications for Social Work. Conflict Resolution & Negotiation Journal, Issue 1, p138-141. 4p. Watlington, Christina G.; Murphy, Christopher M. (2006). The roles of religion and spirituality among African American survivors of domestic violence. Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 62 Issue 7, p837-857. 21p. Bent-Goodley, TB. (2013). Domestic Violence Fatality Reviews and the African American Community. HOMICIDE STUDIES, Vol. 17, Issue 4; p375-p390. Bent-Goodley, Tricia B. (2004). Perceptions of Domestic Violence: Health & Social Work, Vol. 29 Issue 4, p307-316. 10p. Hill, Nicholle; Woodson, Kamilah; Ferguson, Angela; Parks, Carlton. (2012). Intimate Partner Abuse among African American Lesbi ans: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Theory, and Resilience. Journal of Family Violence, Vol. 27 Issue 5, p401-413. 13p. Campbell, Jacquelyn; Campbell, Doris W.; Gary, Faye; Nedd, Daphne; Price-Lea, Patricia; Sharps, Phyllis W.; Smith, Cheryl. (2008). African American Women’s Responses to Intimate Partner Violence: An Examination of Cultural Context. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p277-295. 19p Bent-Goodley, Tricia; St. Vil, Noelle; Hubbert, Paulette. (2012). A Spirit Unbroken: The Black Church’s Evolving Response to Domestic Violence. Social Work & Christianity. 2012, Vol. 39 Issue 1, p52-65. 14p. Wimberly, Edward P. (2000). The Civil Rights Movement as a Potential Mentoring Model for Ending Domestic Abuse. Journal of Religion & Abuse, Vol. 2 Issue 1, p33. 16p. Hampton, Robert L. LaTaillade, Jaslean J.; Dacey, Alicia; Marghi, J. R. (2008). Evaluating Domestic Violence Interventions for Black Women. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma , Vol. 16 Issue 3, p330-353. 23p. Haines, E. (2007). Charges against husband put new focus on televangelist. USA Today.com. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-01-ynum_N.htm Jordan, L. M. (2005). Domestic violence in the African American community. Retrieved from http://new.vawnet.org/Assoc_Files_VAWnet/RoleoftheBlackChurch.pdf